The Ledger · Entry 038 · Craft
Blowing glass bottles by mouth
Ceded to machinesSince 1903Criterion practiceLast reviewed 2026-08-17
Event
Michael Owens runs the first automatic bottle machine at Toledo, Ohio, which gathers the glass, blows it and delivers a finished bottle with no human breath involved.
A bottle shop worked as a team around the blower, with a gatherer, a mould boy to open and close the iron and a carrying-in boy to run the hot bottle to the annealing oven, and many of them were children on night shifts. The AR model reached an average of 50,400 bottles a day, and in 1913 the National Child Labor Committee said the automatic machine had done more to end child labour in glass than its own legislative campaigns had managed. Hand blowing survives for laboratory glass, art glass and a few spirits bottles, and the mould maker, the furnace hand and the machine setter still decide whether a run is good. What was ceded is the act itself, human breath shaping molten glass at production scale.